{"id":498,"date":"2023-09-29T22:51:15","date_gmt":"2023-09-29T20:51:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/financialtimes.cz\/?p=498"},"modified":"2023-09-29T22:51:16","modified_gmt":"2023-09-29T20:51:16","slug":"inovace-lek-na-prichazejici-ekonomicke-ochlazeni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/financialtimes.cz\/?p=498","title":{"rendered":"Inovace, l\u00e9k na p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed ekonomick\u00e9 ochlazen\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Slovo inovace poch\u00e1z\u00ed z latiny a znamen\u00e1 n\u011bco zm\u011bnit, obnovit. D\u0159\u00edve bylo toto slovo vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v ekonomii, ale dnes m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam tak\u00e9 v soci\u00e1ln\u00edm pojet\u00ed. A\u0165 se jedn\u00e1 o zm\u011bnu v produktech, v\u00fdrobn\u00edch procesech \u010di organiza\u010dn\u00ed strategii, v\u017edy mus\u00ed b\u00fdt tato zm\u011bna v\u00fdznamn\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co znamen\u00e1 inovace<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Inovovat znamen\u00e1 pro firmy vytv\u00e1\u0159et hodnotu, ze kter\u00e9 pak maj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fd prosp\u011bch. Kdyby z jejich strany nep\u0159ich\u00e1zely \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zm\u011bny, ztratily by svou dynamiku a jejich konzervativn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup by zastavil firemn\u00ed r\u016fst.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inovace v\u011bt\u0161inou m\u00edvaj\u00ed pozitivn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednos, ale ob\u010das tak\u00e9 mohou vzniknout produkty s negativn\u00edm dopadem pro \u010dlov\u011bka nebo \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Za inovaci lze pova\u017eovat c\u00edlen\u00e1, reflektovan\u00e1 zm\u011bna provedena se z\u00e1m\u011brem. Naopak nec\u00edlen\u00e1 zm\u011bna, bez z\u00e1m\u011bru a reflexe za inovaci pova\u017eov\u00e1na nen\u00ed. Zm\u011bny, kter\u00e9 za\u010daly b\u00fdt realizov\u00e1ny ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve, tak\u00e9 nemohou b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za inovativn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak inovace vznikaj\u00ed?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Inovace m\u00e1 dlouhodob\u00fd charakter a vznik\u00e1, kdy\u017e existuj\u00ed pochybnosti o fungov\u00e1n\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu nebo kdy\u017e se na v\u011bc pod\u00edv\u00e1me jin\u00fdma o\u010dima. Tak doch\u00e1z\u00ed k nov\u00fdm n\u00e1pad\u016fm, kter\u00e9 jsou pro v\u00fdvoj spole\u010dnosti p\u0159\u00ednosn\u00e9. Vznik inovace je ovlivn\u011bn i vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00edm, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed spole\u010dnost. Pokud vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed nevytvo\u0159\u00ed podm\u00ednky vhodn\u00e9 k tomu, aby inovace mohla b\u00fdt realizov\u00e1na, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b k inovaci nedojde. Realiz\u00e1to\u0159i inovac\u00ed mohou toti\u017e ztratit motivaci k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9 zm\u011bny, boj\u00ed se ur\u010dit\u00fdch rizik atd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u011blen\u00ed inovac\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Existuje n\u011bkolik zp\u016fsob\u016f rozd\u011blen\u00ed inovace. Rozli\u0161it je lze nap\u0159. takto<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inovace produktu \u2013 zde se jedn\u00e1 o zm\u011bnu ve vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00fdch a nab\u00edzen\u00fdch v\u00fdrobc\u00edch \u010di slu\u017eb\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inovace procesu \u2013 pozitivn\u00ed zm\u011bna v procesu v\u00fdroby nebo dod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed produkt\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inovace pozice \u2013 produkt nebo slu\u017eba nach\u00e1z\u00ed jin\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed, ne\u017e m\u011bly p\u016fvodn\u011b. Nap\u0159. oby\u010dejn\u00e1 \u0161kola se zm\u011bn\u00ed na \u0161kolu s roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159enou v\u00fdukou ciz\u00edch jazyk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inovace paradigmatu \u2013 zm\u011bna p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00e9ho modelu firmy, kdy firma za\u010dne vyu\u017e\u00edvat nov\u00e9 metody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsob rozd\u011blen\u00ed inovace podle novosti:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inkrement\u00e1ln\u00ed inovace<\/em> vznikaj\u00ed po mal\u00fdch kr\u016f\u010dc\u00edch jako na\u0161e reakce na produkt \u010di slu\u017ebu. Jde o snahu n\u011bco zlep\u0161it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Radik\u00e1ln\u00ed inovace<\/em> naopak zcela m\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1\u0161 pohled na produkt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A je\u0161t\u011b jin\u00e9 d\u011blen\u00ed:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdrobkov\u00e1 inovace \u2013 reaguje na prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy a sna\u017e\u00ed se co nejl\u00e9pe uspokojit pot\u0159eby spot\u0159ebitel\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netechnick\u00e1 inovace \u2013 m\u00e1 co do \u010din\u011bn\u00ed s ekonomick\u00fdm provozem a organizac\u00ed firmy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed inovace \u2013 c\u00edl\u00ed na zm\u011bny v oblasti pracovn\u00edch podm\u00ednek, odm\u011b\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed zam\u011bstnanc\u016f, jejich vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, vztah\u016f na pracovi\u0161ti apod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zem\u011b Evropsk\u00e9 unie vytvo\u0159ily inovativn\u00ed paradigma, kter\u00e9 je tvo\u0159eno 4 my\u0161lenkami:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

My\u0161lenka nov\u00e9ho a neobvykl\u00e9ho \u2013 zaob\u00edr\u00e1 se ot\u00e1zkou, jestli je inovovan\u00e1 v\u011bc skute\u010dn\u011b nov\u00e1, a jestli se nejedn\u00e1 o stejnou my\u0161lenku, ale s jin\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem. Z\u00e1kladem je p\u0159in\u00e9st n\u011bco opravdu nov\u00e9ho, co by se od p\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u011bci li\u0161ilo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

My\u0161lenka osloven\u00ed nenapln\u011bn\u00fdch soci\u00e1ln\u00edch pot\u0159eb a hodnot \u2013 zdokonalen\u00ed existuj\u00edc\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f p\u0159i samotn\u00e9 realizaci inovace. Nap\u0159. ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00e1 stejnou p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost a p\u0159\u00edstup ke vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

My\u0161lenka zm\u011bny \u2013 u ka\u017ed\u00e9 inovace je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed u\u010dinit zm\u011bnu. Ta ale nem\u016f\u017ee prob\u00edhat neust\u00e1le, bez p\u0159est\u00e1n\u00ed, proto\u017ee by ztratila svou jedine\u010dnost a inovace by se stala b\u011b\u017enou a nezaj\u00edmavou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

My\u0161lenka moci \u2013 prim\u00e1t nad vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm znamen\u00e1 m\u00edt moc nad cel\u00fdm n\u00e1rodem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0158\u00edzen\u00ed procesu inovace<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A\u010dkoli m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd n\u00e1rod jinou historii, zp\u016fsob \u017eivota a hovo\u0159\u00ed jin\u00fdm jazykem, vznikly 3 spole\u010dn\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00darove\u0148 struktury<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na t\u00e9to \u00farovni se zd\u016fraz\u0148uje role prost\u0159edn\u00edka mezi politick\u00fdm prost\u0159ed\u00edm a u\u010ditelem. Jde o tzv. centralizovan\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u0161kol. Tento prost\u0159edn\u00edk m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u0159editel \u0161koly, inspektor, poradce apod. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b je nezbytn\u00e9 uv\u00e9st fakt, \u017ee prost\u0159edn\u00edk by nem\u011bl b\u00fdt v hierarchick\u00e9m vztahu ke \u0161kole nebo u\u010diteli, jinak by mohl proces inovace zpomalovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00darove\u0148 t\u00e9matu<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evropsk\u00e1 unie se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 t\u00e9maty, kter\u00e9 vedou ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. Jedn\u00e1 se o studium jazyk\u016f, rovn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti, multikulturn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed nebo p\u0159\u00edprava odborn\u00edk\u016f. Zm\u011bna kurikula je dal\u0161\u00edm d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm t\u00e9matem inovace, stejn\u011b jako t\u00e9mata ji\u017e prov\u011b\u0159ena v praxi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00darove\u0148 \u010dinitele<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na \u00farovni \u010dinitele mohou b\u00fdt v\u0161ichni, kte\u0159\u00ed mohou p\u0159ijet\u00ed inovace ovlivnit. Krom\u011b u\u010ditel\u016f jde nap\u0159. o rodi\u010de a \u0161irokou ve\u0159ejnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inova\u010dn\u00ed proces<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Inovace prob\u00edh\u00e1 dlouhodob\u011b, neust\u00e1le se opakuje a jej\u00ed sm\u011br nen\u00ed jednozna\u010dn\u00fd. Prob\u00edh\u00e1 permanentn\u011b a je ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1na vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00edm, kter\u00e9 se tak\u00e9 neust\u00e1le m\u011bn\u00ed. Z jin\u00e9ho \u00fahlu pohledu se inovace jev\u00ed jako proces nutn\u00fd k r\u016fstu firem a jejich udr\u017een\u00ed na trhu. Ovliv\u0148uje to, co firma z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016fm nab\u00edz\u00ed a ur\u010duje jej\u00ed postaven\u00ed na trhu. Z tohoto hlediska lze stanovit n\u011bkolik inova\u010dn\u00edch proces\u016f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Pr\u016fzkum \u2013 vyhodnocen\u00ed v\u0161ech pro a proti, co se t\u00fd\u010de pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 inovace, nalezen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed pro realizaci inovace<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Volba \u2013 rozhodnut\u00ed, kter\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost k inovaci bude pro firmu nejp\u0159\u00ednosn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Implementace \u2013 my\u0161lenka inovativn\u00ed zm\u011bny je zavedena do re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho procesu a uvedena na trh. Implementace m\u00e1 n\u011bkolik f\u00e1z\u00ed. V prvn\u00ed f\u00e1zi je nutn\u00e9 z\u00edskat informace k zaveden\u00ed inovace, nap\u0159. z v\u00fdzkum\u016f. Pot\u00e9 doch\u00e1z\u00ed k realizaci, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 se \u0159e\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159i procesu inovace. Dal\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1z\u00ed je uveden\u00ed inovace a jej\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Posledn\u00ed f\u00e1zi tvo\u0159\u00ed udr\u017een\u00ed inovace dlouhodob\u011b v chodu nebo nalezen\u00ed nov\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • U\u010den\u00ed \u2013 z procesu inovace se lze n\u011bco nau\u010dit a z\u00edskan\u00e9 znalosti vyu\u017e\u00edt ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed tohoto procesu nebo v dal\u0161\u00edch realizac\u00edch inovativn\u00edch zm\u011bn<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Dle Januinait\u00eb (2004) se inova\u010dn\u00ed proces d\u011bl\u00ed do t\u0159\u00ed rovin<\/strong>. Jsou charakteristick\u00e9 t\u00edm, \u017ee v ka\u017ed\u00e9 z nich doch\u00e1z\u00ed k ur\u010dit\u00fdm aktivit\u00e1m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    V rovin\u011b uveden\u00ed<\/em> je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed v prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b stanovit realiz\u00e1tora procesu inovace. T\u00edm m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt intern\u00ed pracovn\u00edk organizace, nap\u0159. mana\u017eer, u\u010ditel, nebo extern\u00ed osoba, nap\u0159. odborn\u00fd pracovn\u00edk, poradce \u010di partner. Pot\u00e9 se provede anal\u00fdza, jej\u00edm\u017e \u00fa\u010delem je shrom\u00e1\u017edit informace o rizic\u00edch, nedostatc\u00edch a naj\u00edt ur\u010dit\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je tak\u00e9 stanovit c\u00edle a sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed inova\u010dn\u00edho proces\u016f ve vztahu k organizaci. Ty by m\u011bly b\u00fdt jasn\u00e9 a srozumiteln\u00e9. Inovace mohou pomoci p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e9 firmu su\u017euj\u00ed. V t\u00e9to rovin\u011b je dobr\u00e9 spr\u00e1vn\u011b na\u010dasovat za\u010d\u00e1tek realizace inovace a jej\u00ed sm\u011br.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Rovina implementace<\/em> je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Inovace se zav\u00e1d\u00ed do praxe a st\u00e1v\u00e1 se sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed instituce nebo pr\u00e1ce jednotlivce. Implementovan\u00e1 inovace se mus\u00ed sledovat a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 nedostatky vy\u0159e\u0161it. Nezbytn\u00e9 je tak\u00e9 vysv\u011btlit p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm akt\u00e9r\u016fm v\u00fdznam a pr\u016fb\u011bh inovace. Pro ty, kte\u0159\u00ed s inovac\u00ed budou d\u00e1le pracovat, m\u00e1 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed smyslu inovace motiva\u010dn\u00ed charakter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rovina institucionalizace<\/em> zaji\u0161\u0165uje p\u0159ijet\u00ed inovace instituc\u00ed a jej\u00ed pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed. To lze zajistit uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm inovace do praxe, vysv\u011btlov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159\u00ednosu a v\u00fdznamu t\u00e9to zm\u011bny a p\u0159edstaven\u00edm v\u00fdsledk\u016f vyhodnocen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byly v souvislosti se zaveden\u00edm inovace provedeny. Inovace m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt i odm\u00edtnuta. V t\u00e9to situaci je t\u0159eba prov\u00e9st anal\u00fdzu a navrhnout \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed popisuje v\u0161echny prvky procesu inovace, kter\u00e9 nelze opomenout, a m\u00e1 tyto f\u00e1ze<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Nalezen\u00ed dobr\u00fdch str\u00e1nek a nedostatk\u016f v sou\u010dasn\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Zhodnocen\u00ed rizik pro inovaci a zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vhodn\u00e9ho okam\u017eiku pro jej\u00ed realizaci<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed o zm\u011bn\u011b<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bny<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Uskute\u010dn\u011bn\u00ed inovace<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Zhodnocen\u00ed, co pozitivn\u00edho a negativn\u00edho zm\u011bna p\u0159inesla<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Inovace se hodnot\u00ed v ka\u017ed\u00e9 z t\u011bchto f\u00e1z\u00ed, a zejm\u00e9na prvn\u00ed dv\u011b f\u00e1ze jsou pro p\u0159ijet\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9. Hodnot\u00ed se v nich pot\u0159eba realizovat zm\u011bnu a nach\u00e1zej\u00ed se mo\u017enosti, jak tuto zm\u011bnu prov\u00e9st. P\u0159itom je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed vyhodnotit minul\u00e9 a p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed, a vz\u00edt v \u00favahu obdob\u00ed budouc\u00ed. Nutno zm\u00ednit, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 jistota v pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed budoucnosti neexistuje, proto ani \u00fasp\u011bch inovace nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159edpov\u011bzen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Realizace zm\u011bny by m\u011bla v\u00e9st k tzv. implementaci<\/em>, tj. zaveden\u00ed zm\u011bny do sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce a samotn\u00e9 p\u0159ijet\u00ed inovace. Teprve a\u017e dojde k tzv. inkorporaci<\/em> inovace, zm\u011bna se trvale zabydluje v syst\u00e9mu a st\u00e1v\u00e1 se jeho sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Autor: Ing. V\u00edt\u011bzslav Kot\u00edk, MBA<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Slovo inovace poch\u00e1z\u00ed z latiny a znamen\u00e1 n\u011bco zm\u011bnit, obnovit. D\u0159\u00edve bylo toto slovo vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v ekonomii, ale dnes m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam tak\u00e9 v soci\u00e1ln\u00edm pojet\u00ed. A\u0165 se jedn\u00e1 o zm\u011bnu v produktech, v\u00fdrobn\u00edch procesech \u010di organiza\u010dn\u00ed strategii, v\u017edy mus\u00ed b\u00fdt tato zm\u011bna v\u00fdznamn\u00e1. Co znamen\u00e1 inovace Inovovat znamen\u00e1 pro firmy vytv\u00e1\u0159et hodnotu, ze kter\u00e9 pak maj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fd prosp\u011bch. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":500,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-498","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-aktualne"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/financialtimes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/498","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/financialtimes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/financialtimes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/financialtimes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/financialtimes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=498"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/financialtimes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/498\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/financialtimes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/500"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/financialtimes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=498"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/financialtimes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=498"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/financialtimes.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=498"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}